Eloquent-Modelle und Abfragen

Eloquent & Query Design

Models, relationships and casts

• Declare explicit return types on relationships (HasMany, BelongsTo, BelongsToMany, HasOne, MorphTo) and prefer Eloquent relationships and query builder methods (Model::query()) over raw SQL or manual joins.
• Inspect a model's casts (casts() method or $casts property, following the repo), $fillable / $guarded, global scopes, observers and model events before changing how it is created, updated or deleted.
• Configure casts for dates (immutable_datetime), PHP enums, booleans, JSON (array / AsArrayObject) and encrypted attributes.
• Never hide external network calls, writes or heavy queries inside an accessor; accessors may run on every serialization.
• Remember that bulk queries (Model::where(...)->update(), delete(), insert(), upsert()) bypass Eloquent model events and observers.

Scopes and expressive queries

• Encapsulate reusable query constraints in local scopes (#[Scope] or scopeActive(Builder $query): Builder). Group orWhere clauses inside a closure ($query->where(fn ($q) => $q->where(...)->orWhere(...))) so precedence never leaks past tenant or status filters.
• Push filtering, counting and aggregation into SQL (withCount, withSum, withExists, whereRelation, whereDoesntHave, addSelect subqueries, or selectRaw with bound parameters) instead of calling ->get() and filtering or summing in PHP Collections.
• Stream or batch large datasets with chunkById(), lazy() or cursor() rather than loading thousands of models into memory with all() or get().